The addition of the infinitive to the subject or object is one of the syntactic structures in which accuracy plays an important role in the correct understanding the meaning of the verses of the Holy Quran. Sometimes there is disagreement among the scholars who interpret the Holy Book of Quran in determining whether the infinitive is added to the subject or to the object. Translators have sometimes provided an inadequate translation. This article has tried to discover ways to resolve the difference in determining the qualificative role of genitive case and also to provide an expressive translation of this structure by using a descriptive-analytical-critical method and by examining a number of infinitives added to the subject or object in the Holy Quran. The solutions to resolve the dispute are as follows: Paying attention to how the sentences relate to each other, paying attention to the citation of the subject in the verse, paying attention to the reason for using rhetorical devices in the verse, paying attention to the interpretive context (the context of the discussed verse, the guiding purpose of the Surah), paying attention to the verses and narrations of the same subject of the verse and paying attention to the requirements of servant politeness. The use of these solutions in order to provide a correct and expressive translation of the infinitive structure added to the subject or the object is necessary: The use of verb in the translation of the infinitive, the use of an appropriate word for translation of the pronoun, the use of an appropriate word in addition to the accompanying added infinitive, the use of the explanations in parentheses, the avoidance of compression writing and the avoidance of literal translation.

In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive Power dispatch method in a wind-integrated Power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive Power generation and active Power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive Power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

In this paper, the design and fabrication of a hybrid microwave integrated circuit (HMIC) Power amplifier (PA) with more than 8 Watts of output Power and 50 dB of large signal gain in the frequency range of 10.95-11.20 GHz for satellite communications is presented. In order to have a high-efficiency PA, the last two stages of the PA are custom designed and fabricated using GaN transistors as separate modules. To evaluate the repeatability of the designed PA, 16 samples of the custom-designed PA are fabricated and measured. All of the measured PAs provided 8 Watts of output Power with more than 55% of Power added efficiency (PAE). To have a gain of more than 50 dB, commercial integrated circuits (ICs) are used as gain stages. Finally, the performance of the fabricated PA is evaluated using a 10 MSym/s QAM signal and 6 Watts of average output Power with 33% of efficiency is achieved at 11 GHz.

Generation of electricity releases various types of pollutants, which cause damages to a wide range of receptors such as human health, natural ecosystems, crops, and building materials. When the cost of such damages is not accounted in the price of electricity, they are referred as external costs. The estimation of external cost has important usage in policy making. An external cost, also known as an externality, arises when the social or economic activities of one group of people have an impact on another group, and that impact is not fully accounted, or compensated for, by the first group. Thus, a Power station that generates emissions of SO2, causing damage to building materials or human health, imposes an external cost. Because the generator of the electricity when deciding on the level of the activities does not take into account the impact of these activities on the buildings’ owners or on those who suffer health damage. In this example, the environmental costs are “external” because, although they are real costs to the members of the society, the owner of the Power station is not taking them into account when making decisions. The economic value is a measure of the benefit provided by an action or service to an economic agent. It is generally measured relative to units of currency, and the interpretation is, therefore "what is the maximum amount of money that a specific actor is willing and able to pay for the good or service"? .In this paper, we calculated the economic value of Power generation efficiency improvement. The results show the economic value of one percent increase in Power generation efficiency is equal to 294 million dollars.

Power amplifier is one of the main components in the RF transmitters. It must provide various stringent features that can lead to complicating the design. In this paper, a new optimizing method based on the inclined planes system optimization algorithm is presented for the design of a discrete Power amplifier. It is evaluated in a 2.4-3 GHz Power amplifier, which is designed based on “Cree’s CGH40010F GaN HEMT”. The optimization goals are input and output return losses, Power added efficiency, and Gain. Large signal simulation of the optimized Power amplifier shows a good performance across the bandwidth. In this frequency range, the input and output return losses are about lower than -10 dB, the Power added efficiency is greater than 51%, while the Gain is higher than 13.5 dB. A two-tone test with a frequency space of 1 MHz is applied for the linearity evaluation of the designed Power amplifier. The obtained result shows that the Power amplifier has good linearity with a low memory effect.

The use of smart radio equipment with high performance is one of the requirements of the smart police, and in this regard, it is necessary to consider operational requirements in the design of different parts of the radio transmitter and receiver. In the transmitter section, the Power amplifier has some features such as Power consumption, output Power, and Power added efficiency which are significant items in the design. This paper deals with the design of high- performance Class-E Power amplifiers for the Radio communication systems. For this purpose, a cascade structure consisting of an amplifier is used as a switch to amplify the signal and an amplifier to increase reliability. In this circuit, one transistor is biased in the triode region as a switch and the other transistor is biased in the triode or saturation region. In this paper, a cascade class E Power amplifier with a driver circuit and a compensator circuit is proposed to increase the output Power and Power added efficiency (PAE). The presented PA in this paper is appropriate for Radio communication. In this paper, the output Power and PAE is improved by changing the structure of the PA. The PA has 2.6 GHz operating frequency, output Power of 31.4 dBm, maximum PAE of 55.5%. The designed circuits are simulated with Cadence software.

A performance analysis of a Diesel engine in terms of effective Power (EP), effective Power density (EPD) and effective efficiency (EE) has been performed using a novel realistic finite-time thermodynamics (FTT) modeling. The effects of design and operating parameters of the diesel cycle such as bore-stroke length ratio (d/L), equivalence ratio (ER), compression ratio (CR), cycle temperature ratio (CTR), cycle pressure ratio (CPR), stroke length (L), friction coefficient (FRC), engine speed (N), mean piston speed, inlet pressure and inlet temperature on the engine performance have been investigated. In addition, the energy losses depending on incomplete combustion (IC), friction losses (FRL), heat transfer losses (HTRL) and exhaust output losses (EOL) have been described as fuel input energy. In order to acquire reasonable results, variable specific heats with respect to temperature for working fluid have been used. The results presented could be an essential tool for Diesel engine designers.

The aim of this study is to compare explainatry Power of economic value added (EVA) and intellectual capital (IC) in determination of firm's stock price in Tehran Stock Exchange. To do so, 70 firms listed in TSE are investigated for the priod of 1382 to 1389. Pulic (2000) model is used for IC measurement and Stewart (1991) for EVA. The results of the study show that EVA has more explainatry Power than IC. This result shows that, in contrast with most of countries, TSE firms put more emphasis on financial and physical capital and IC have not obtained its real placement in the capital market of Iran.